THOUGHTS AND COMMENTARY
Commentaries and essays on a variety of topics including parenting, the capacity for love, emotions, mindfulness and social issues.
A Book Excerpt From
The Road to Neuroplasticity and Change to Heal Trauma, Improve Cognitive Capacity and Maximize Performance
ABOUT THE BOOK
MOTIVATION- HOW WE
THINK AND ACT
See Also:
Motivation is the reason for people's actions, willingness and goals. The word is derived from the word ‘motive’ which means a need that requires satisfaction. These needs could be wants or desires that are influenced by society, lifestyle, culture, etc. An individual's motivation may be inspired by other people, rewards or events (extrinsic motivation) or it may come from within the individual (intrinsic motivation). Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and unconscious minds.
What Happens in the Brain
Motivation has two parts - one directed towards a positive stimulus or one away from a negative one. This type of motivation has neurobiological riots in the basal ganglia, and mesolimbic, dopaminergic pathways. Activated "seeking" behaviour, such as loco-motor activity, is influenced by dopamine and is released during the anticipation of a reward. The "wanting behaviour" associated with a rewarding stimulus can be increased by dopamine. Depletion or inhibition of dopamine in neurons decreases appetitive but not consummatory behavior.
Key Terms
Approach motivation (also known as incentive salience) M: can be defined as a certain behavior or reaction to a situation/environment when rewardedor results in a positive or desirable outcome.
Avoidance motivation (also known as aversive salience): can be defined as when a certain behavior or reaction to a situation/environment is punished or results in a negative or undesirable outcome.
Behavior: the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals in response various stimuli or inputs that are internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.
Classical (or respondent) conditioning: behavior is understood as responses triggered by certain environmental or physical stimuli. They can be unconditioned, such as in-born reflexes, or learned through a conditioned stimulus. It can be seen as why an individual performs certain responses and behaviors in certain situations.
Desire: a sense of longing or hoping for a person, object, or outcome. The same sense is expressed by emotions such as "craving". When a person desires something or someone, their sense of longing is excited by the enjoyment or the thought of the item or person, and they want to take actions to obtain their goal.
Extinction: can be intentional or unintentional and happens when you ignore an undesired behavior.
Extrinsic motivation: comes into play when a person is compelled to do something or act a certain way because of factors external to him or her (like money or promotions).
Flow theory: a state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter; the experience is so enjoyable that people will continue to do it even at great cost, for the sheer sake of doing it."
Intrinsic motivation: occurs when people are internally motivated to do something because it either brings them pleasure, they think it is important, or they feel that what they are learning is significant.
Need: something that is necessary for a human to live a healthy life. Needs are distinguished from wants because a deficiency causes a clear adverse outcome: a dysfunction or death. A need is something required for a safe, stable and healthy life (e.g. air, water, food, land, shelter) while a wantis a desire, wish or aspiration.
Negative reinforcement: occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because an aversive event or stimulus is removed or prevented from happening.
Operant conditioning: the type and frequency of behavior is determined by its consequences. If a certain behavior, in the presence of a certain stimulus, is followed by a desirable consequence (a reinforcer), the behavior will increase in frequency in the future when again in the presence of that stimulus.
Positive reinforcement: occurs when a desirable event or stimulus is presented as a consequence of a behavior and the chance that this behavior will manifest in similar environments increases.
Primary reinforcer (sometimes called an unconditioned reinforcer): stimulus that does not require pairing with a different stimulusin order to function as a reinforcer and most likely has obtained functioning through the evolution and its role in species' survival. Examples of primary reinforcers include food, water, and sex.
Punishers: serve to decrease behaviors; negative reinforcers are stimuli that the subject will work to be rid of or to end.
Rewards: known as incentives that induce behavior.
Reinforcers: serve to increase behaviors. Positive reinforcers are stimuli that the subject will work to attain.
Reward system: a collection of brain structures and neural pathways that are responsible for reward-related cognition, including associative learning (primarily classical conditioning and operant reinforcement), incentive salience (i.e., motivation and "wanting", desire, or craving for a reward), and positively-valenced emotions, particularly emotions that involve pleasure (i.e., hedonic "liking").
Secondary reinforcer (sometimes called a conditioned reinforcer): stimulus or situation that has acquired its function as a reinforcer after pairing with a stimulus that functions as a reinforcer. This stimulus may be a primary reinforcer or another conditioned reinforcer (such as money).
Work motivation: a set of energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individual's being, to initiate work-related behavior, and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration.
What Happens in the Brain
Motivation has two parts - one directed towards a positive stimulus or one away from a negative one. This type of motivation has neurobiological riots in the basal ganglia, and mesolimbic, dopaminergic pathways. Activated "seeking" behaviour, such as loco-motor activity, is influenced by dopamine and is released during the anticipation of a reward. The "wanting behaviour" associated with a rewarding stimulus can be increased by dopamine. Depletion or inhibition of dopamine in neurons decreases appetitive but not consummatory behavior.
Key Terms
Approach motivation (also known as incentive salience) M: can be defined as a certain behavior or reaction to a situation/environment when rewardedor results in a positive or desirable outcome.
Avoidance motivation (also known as aversive salience): can be defined as when a certain behavior or reaction to a situation/environment is punished or results in a negative or undesirable outcome.
Behavior: the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals in response various stimuli or inputs that are internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.
Classical (or respondent) conditioning: behavior is understood as responses triggered by certain environmental or physical stimuli. They can be unconditioned, such as in-born reflexes, or learned through a conditioned stimulus. It can be seen as why an individual performs certain responses and behaviors in certain situations.
Desire: a sense of longing or hoping for a person, object, or outcome. The same sense is expressed by emotions such as "craving". When a person desires something or someone, their sense of longing is excited by the enjoyment or the thought of the item or person, and they want to take actions to obtain their goal.
Extinction: can be intentional or unintentional and happens when you ignore an undesired behavior.
Extrinsic motivation: comes into play when a person is compelled to do something or act a certain way because of factors external to him or her (like money or promotions).
Flow theory: a state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter; the experience is so enjoyable that people will continue to do it even at great cost, for the sheer sake of doing it."
Intrinsic motivation: occurs when people are internally motivated to do something because it either brings them pleasure, they think it is important, or they feel that what they are learning is significant.
Need: something that is necessary for a human to live a healthy life. Needs are distinguished from wants because a deficiency causes a clear adverse outcome: a dysfunction or death. A need is something required for a safe, stable and healthy life (e.g. air, water, food, land, shelter) while a wantis a desire, wish or aspiration.
Negative reinforcement: occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because an aversive event or stimulus is removed or prevented from happening.
Operant conditioning: the type and frequency of behavior is determined by its consequences. If a certain behavior, in the presence of a certain stimulus, is followed by a desirable consequence (a reinforcer), the behavior will increase in frequency in the future when again in the presence of that stimulus.
Positive reinforcement: occurs when a desirable event or stimulus is presented as a consequence of a behavior and the chance that this behavior will manifest in similar environments increases.
Primary reinforcer (sometimes called an unconditioned reinforcer): stimulus that does not require pairing with a different stimulusin order to function as a reinforcer and most likely has obtained functioning through the evolution and its role in species' survival. Examples of primary reinforcers include food, water, and sex.
Punishers: serve to decrease behaviors; negative reinforcers are stimuli that the subject will work to be rid of or to end.
Rewards: known as incentives that induce behavior.
- Primary rewards are for the survival of one's self and offspring.
- Intrinsic rewards are unconditioned rewards that are attractive and motivate behavior because they are inherently pleasurable.
- Extrinsic rewards (e.g., money or seeing one's favorite sports team winning a game) are conditioned rewards that are attractive and motivate behavior, but are not necessarily pleasurable. Extrinsic rewards derive their value as a result of a learned associationor conditioning. Extrinsic rewards may also elicit pleasure after being classically conditionedwith intrinsic rewards.
Reinforcers: serve to increase behaviors. Positive reinforcers are stimuli that the subject will work to attain.
Reward system: a collection of brain structures and neural pathways that are responsible for reward-related cognition, including associative learning (primarily classical conditioning and operant reinforcement), incentive salience (i.e., motivation and "wanting", desire, or craving for a reward), and positively-valenced emotions, particularly emotions that involve pleasure (i.e., hedonic "liking").
Secondary reinforcer (sometimes called a conditioned reinforcer): stimulus or situation that has acquired its function as a reinforcer after pairing with a stimulus that functions as a reinforcer. This stimulus may be a primary reinforcer or another conditioned reinforcer (such as money).
Work motivation: a set of energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individual's being, to initiate work-related behavior, and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration.
STARLIGHT POETRY BY KAI
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View Me on Twitter @kairosoflife
See Creativity Chaos - a Creativity Blog by Kai
About | Reprints & Copyrights | Home
© 2019-2020 Copyright Starlight Poetry
VIEW FULL SITE DIRECTORY